debt

According to Jinshi reports, a survey by Invesco shows that 61% of central banks believe that the level of U.S. debt has a negative impact on the long-term status of the dollar as a reserve asset.

According to the Korea Herald, the South Korean government is improving the debt adjustment program "New Start Fund" for small business owners and individual entrepreneurs, incorporating virtual assets into the review process.Under the revised system, the debt relief rate will be adjusted based on the applicant's repayment ability, and the assessment of repayment ability now considers their holdings of cryptocurrency assets. Previously, the fund mainly verified the debtor's income and assets through financial statements submitted by the applicant and data available from the public administrative information network, which made it difficult to identify such investment assets.To address this issue, since January of this year, the fund has utilized virtual asset balance certificates in property assessments after negotiations with the five major Korean won market cryptocurrency exchanges. Applicants recognized as members of the aforementioned exchanges are now required to submit these certificates directly.

According to The Block, the mGLOBAL security token launched by Midas has been integrated into the Aave institutional lending market Aave Horizon, allowing holders to use mGLOBAL as collateral to borrow USDC while retaining full exposure to the underlying assets.mGLOBAL tracks the Global Diversified Alternative Debt short-duration private credit portfolio managed by Fasanara Capital, which includes trade receivables and digital invoices among its underlying assets. mGLOBAL is issued by a bankruptcy-remote entity under a Luxembourg asset securitization vehicle, with net asset value calculated monthly by JTC Luxembourg.Redemption is achieved through Midas's Open Liquidity Architecture, combining 10% internal liquidity on Aave, credit lines, and OTC networks, enabling atomic redemption and destruction without the need to reserve large amounts of idle cash.

According to a report by The Information, the confidential IPO registration draft submitted by OpenAI shows that as of the end of March 2026, OpenAI's balance sheet exhibits "light asset" characteristics, with zero debt on the books and capital expenditures of only $46 million in the first quarter. However, in reality, the company has placed substantial infrastructure expenditures off the books, with future procurement commitments in chips, energy, and data centers reaching up to $665 billion. Financial data indicates that OpenAI's actual net loss in the first quarter was approximately $8.5 billion, with revenue costs amounting to $3.5 billion.Additionally, OpenAI demonstrates a very high characteristic of related-party funding cycles. In the first quarter, 72% of its revenue costs and 45% of total expenditures flowed to related parties (expected to be primarily Microsoft), and it directly used $488 million in equity to settle part of its computing power bills. In the data center joint venture project within its consolidated financial statements, nearly $5 billion in book losses is accounted for as belonging to external partners. The documents also reveal that its main competitor, Anthropic, is similarly engaging in large-scale off-balance-sheet expansion, including $4.5 billion in data center service commitments and $35 billion in chip leasing orders.

Michael Saylor posted a review of Strategy's Bitcoin strategy journey, stating that in October 2022, when he gave a related speech, the price of Bitcoin was around $20,000. At that time, Strategy held 130,000 BTC, valued at approximately $2.6 billion, and the stock price of MSTR (after stock split adjustment) was about $24. A few weeks later, Bitcoin fell below $16,000, and the company's debt once exceeded the total value of BTC and cash reserves of about $300 million, with MSTR's stock price also dropping to around $13 by the end of 2022. Strategy then insisted on executing the Bitcoin strategy, strengthening company operations, and continuously financing to invest in BTC.Since 2022, the company has raised over $60 billion in new capital, which has been used to purchase Bitcoin, increasing its holdings by over 716,000 BTC. Currently, the value of BTC and cash reserves held by Strategy is approximately $48 billion higher than the company's debt, and it will continue to adhere to a long-term strategy in the future.

J.P. Morgan strategist Tarek Hamid and his team have raised their forecast for total investment in artificial intelligence infrastructure by 2030 to $5.5 trillion in a recent research report, an increase of $400 billion from their prediction last November. The bank noted that in this investment race for super-scale data centers, approximately $4.1 trillion will come from debt financing, with loans covering an average of 85% of total project costs, indicating that AI capital expenditures have shifted to a debt market-centric financing model.Since last November, global bond issuance related to AI and data centers has exceeded $300 billion. The latest typical case comes from chip giant NVIDIA, which completed the pricing of a $25 billion investment-grade bond issuance this Monday, marking its return to the bond market for the first time in five years. This issuance was conducted in seven tranches (with maturities ranging from 2 to 30 years) and attracted oversubscription of up to $85 billion, ultimately increasing the issuance size by 25% from the initial target.The research report emphasizes that although tech giants like NVIDIA, Alphabet, and Amazon are generating substantial cash flow from the AI boom (with NVIDIA estimating free cash flow exceeding $200 billion this fiscal year), these giants still choose to issue hundreds of billions of dollars in bonds. This indicates that such bond issuance is not due to a "lack of financing," but rather that the credit market is confirming the pricing of AI assets.

Nakamoto, the Bitcoin treasury company, announced that it is strengthening its capital structure and financial flexibility through debt reduction, refinancing, and stock buyback authorization. The company has reduced its outstanding debt by approximately $45 million by monetizing part of its Bitcoin holdings and Bitcoin-related derivative positions.The repayment funds came from the sale of approximately 600 BTC and Bitcoin-related derivative positions, with net proceeds of about $48 million. After the transaction, the company still holds approximately 4,467 BTC on its balance sheet.The company has also signed a new loan term sheet with Payward Interactive, a subsidiary of Kraken, extending the principal of approximately 105 million USDT until June 30, 2027. The remaining outstanding balance is 165 million USDT, of which 60 million USDT will mature on December 4, 2026.In addition, the Nakamoto board has authorized a stock buyback plan of up to $25 million. This plan is effective until December 31, 2026, and the company may repurchase common stock through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, and other methods.

Bitcoin Treasuries.NET posted on platform X that the publicly traded company Fold Holdings has sold 633.8 BTC to repay a $20 million debt secured by BTC, and currently holds a total of 192.2 BTC.

According to GlobeNewswire, Bitcoin financial services company Fold Holdings (NASDAQ: FLD) announced the completion of a series of capital transactions to strengthen the company's balance sheet. Fold liquidated approximately $45 million in Bitcoin at an average price of about $71,000 per coin, repaid $200 million in Bitcoin collateralized debt, and allocated the remaining $250 million in unrestricted cash for business growth.After this transaction, the company has eliminated all secured debt, enhanced liquidity, improved monthly net cash flow, and retained a certain amount of Bitcoin reserves. Company CEO Will Reeves stated that this move aims to reduce financing risks and ensure that short-term market fluctuations do not affect the execution of the product roadmap.

NASDAQ-listed Solana treasury company SOL Strategies announced that it has repaid approximately 5.75 million Canadian dollars in debt by selling 65,001 SOL, with an average selling price of 87.88 Canadian dollars per SOL.This move aims to optimize the capital structure and risk management in a volatile market environment, further improving the balance sheet to allocate more resources to core operational activities.

The General Office of the State Council has released guiding opinions on strengthening regulation, preventing risks, and promoting the high-quality development of private equity investment funds. The opinions mention adhering to goal-oriented and problem-oriented approaches, addressing issues such as the need to improve the access mechanism for the private equity fund industry, inadequate regulation, incomplete systems, insufficient coordination and cooperation among ministries, central and local governments, the failure to implement the responsibilities of some government investment funds and state-owned enterprise investment fund contributors, and the use of some private equity funds as tools for illegal activities, new forms of corruption, and hidden corruption. A system and long-term mechanism for strengthening regulation and preventing risks will be established to promote the development of the industry in a standardized manner and enhance it during development.Uphold functional positioning, coordinate the overall layout, optimize increments, revitalize existing resources, support the excellent and limit the inferior, improve quality and efficiency, and strictly prohibit private equity funds from engaging in illegal activities such as lending and disguised debt. Adhere to classified regulation, implementing "one policy for one category" regulation based on different dimensions such as contributor entities and product types. Insist on regulating both legal and illegal entities, with strict regulation for legal institutions, resolute prohibition of illegal institutions, and severe crackdowns on illegal activities.Promote the revision of the Securities Investment Fund Law. Push for the issuance of judicial documents related to criminal cases involving private equity funds. Formulate regulations for the supervision of private equity fund managers, information disclosure, fundraising, and mandatory custody rules. Introduce standardized arrangements for private equity fund betting agreements. Fully establish a regulatory system for private equity funds that is primarily based on administrative regulation and supplemented by self-regulation.

According to BBX data, yesterday, publicly listed companies in multiple countries globally intensively disclosed their latest strategies regarding the expansion of Bitcoin treasury, stock buybacks, and the authorization of super debt financing tools. The core dynamics are as follows:Strive, Inc. (NASDAQ: $STRE) CEO Matt Cole officially disclosed yesterday that the company has invested approximately $185.2 million to increase its holdings by 2,500 BTC (average purchase price of about $74,092). As a result, Strive's total Bitcoin holdings have reached 19,000 BTC, with a year-to-date (YTD) return of 36.7% and an expansion rate of 57.0%. At the same time, the company has proactively increased its cash reserves to ensure the stable distribution of dividends over the next 18 months.European Bitcoin treasury company Capital B (Euronext Growth Paris: $ALCPB) officially announced that it has opened online voting for the shareholders' meeting until June 17. The board is seeking shareholder authorization to establish a capital increase limit of up to €5 billion and a debt instrument issuance limit of up to €100 billion, aiming to accelerate its Bitcoin treasury strategy and enhance the Bitcoin value per share.Hyperscale Data, Inc. (NYSE: $GPUS) officially announced that as of May 31, 2026, the company holds a total of 704.3405 BTC (with a total value of approximately $51.8 million based on the price of $73,579 on that day). The company also confirmed that it did not execute any Bitcoin purchases in the open market last week, with the increase in holdings mainly coming from the regular mining output of its AI data center.Brazilian listed Bitcoin treasury company OranjeBTC (B3: $OBTC3) announced an increase of 20 BTC in the secondary market (average price of about $75,346), raising its total holdings to 3,762 BTC. Meanwhile, the company repurchased 289,100 shares of OBTC3 during the period, further enhancing the Bitcoin exposure per share through a dual reduction of circulating shares.

Vitalik posted on platform X, stating that building index-tracking assets based on options rather than debt is worth considering and trying, using options as the foundation of DeFi instead of CDPs and liquidation mechanisms. This design can avoid the extreme price fluctuations that cause severe and global liquidation effects, allowing exposure to the index to deviate from preferred exposure in a smoother secondary manner.Its key advantage is that it does not require instant oracles and can operate based on slow oracles, which are the types of oracles used in prediction markets. The design has a clear drawback, which is the need for regular rebalancing, and it remains to be clarified whether and how rebalancing can have sufficient slippage resistance.Vitalik added that compared to relying on oracles that must provide real-time answers and may be induced to give incorrect real-time answers without human remediation time, he believes that holding algorithmic stablecoins placed within such mechanisms is safer.

According to Cointelegraph, Arca Chief Investment Officer Jeff Dorman stated that Strategy's current approximately $15 billion preferred stock financing structure has become "unmanageable." He pointed out that these preferred stocks require about $1.5 billion in dividends each year, and with the ongoing volatility in Bitcoin prices, this structure is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain.Strategy's financing model is based on the premise that "BTC will continue to rise significantly." Although the company previously alleviated short-term default risks by issuing additional shares, its decision to repurchase bonds maturing in 2029 is perplexing. He indicated that Strategy may ultimately have only two options: sell BTC to pay preferred stock dividends or stop paying dividends, both of which would have significant impacts on the company and investors.Meanwhile, Strategy CEO Phong Le stated in an interview with CNBC that the company "may sell Bitcoin" at some point in the future, but overall will continue to increase its BTC holdings and enhance the amount of BTC corresponding to each share.Polymarket data shows that the market now estimates the probability of Strategy selling some BTC by the end of 2026 has risen to about 90%. As of now, Strategy holds a total of 843,738 BTC, with a total cost of approximately $63.87 billion and an average purchase price of about $75,700.

According to BBX data, yesterday there was a structural differentiation in the Bitcoin treasury strategies of globally listed companies and large asset management entities, with the core dynamics as follows:Cardone Capital increases holdings on dips: Grant Cardone, CEO of the well-established American real estate investment and asset management giant Cardone Capital, officially posted on social platform X announcing that the company has increased its holdings by 130 BTC during the recent market correction. He emphasized that as a strategic asset reserve against inflation, the company will continue to utilize cash flow to allocate Bitcoin spot on dips.Sequans liquidates 80% of holdings to repay debts: Sequans Communications S.A. (NYSE: $SQNS) released an official announcement on Thursday, stating that it has successfully redeemed all debts related to its Bitcoin treasury by liquidating approximately 80% of its Bitcoin holdings, marking its official exit from the previous cryptocurrency asset treasury strategy. Currently, the company holds only 658 BTC and is completely debt-free, with future focus shifting back to its core business in IoT and cellular semiconductors.

According to the official announcement from Strategy, Strategy has completed the repurchase of $1.5 billion of 2029 convertible bonds at a discount of approximately 8%, generating an additional 0.7% BTC Yield, and the company's total debt has been reduced to $6.7 billion. From the beginning of 2026 to now, Strategy has achieved a 13.3% BTC Yield, with BTC gains reaching 89,378 coins, valued at approximately $6.8 billion. As of May 25, 2026, the company holds a total of 843,738 BTC, with a total purchase cost of approximately $63.87 billion, at an average price of about $75,700 per coin.

Fluid released a recap of the Resolv incident, stating that on March 22, Resolv was compromised due to an attack on its signature infrastructure, resulting in the malicious issuance of approximately $80 million in unsecured USR. Fluid faced a risk exposure of about $100 million, leading to approximately $21 million in bad debt. The final plan is as follows: Resolv will bear about $9.7 million, the Fluid governance treasury will bear $8.2 million, the team will bear $1.5 million, and the remaining USR within the protocol has been destroyed by Resolv at the contract level.Fluid stated that its smart contracts were not breached, all user funds are safe, and the protocol maintains full solvency. In addition, Fluid has upgraded its oracle and pricing risk control systems and will suspend buybacks, significantly reduce, or eliminate FLUID incentives.