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Vitalik's post details the entire technical tree behind the mainline of the confusion protocol (iO)

Vitalik Buterin published an article titled "Obfuscation: building the final boss of cryptography (Part I)", systematically outlining the entire technical tree behind the mainline of the obfuscation protocol (iO). The article points out that obfuscation technology can transform programs into "encrypted programs", allowing computations on plaintext inputs while hiding internal logic. Theoretically, it can achieve "trustless trusted third parties", and when combined with blockchain, it can build nearly trustless voting systems, auction protocols, and various other applications. However, the current iO scheme, while technically polynomial time, incurs enormous practical overhead, with expected runtimes exceeding the lifespan of the universe.The article details the construction process of lattice-based iO, covering the stacking of primitives such as fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), attribute-based encryption (ABE), obfuscated circuits, function encryption, and XiO. Vitalik stated that the field has moved from "impossible" to "provably secure" over the past decade, but there remains a significant gap to practical application. He proposed three future paths: further optimizing the existing lattice-based route, adopting bolder cryptographic assumptions to simplify constructions, or exploring entirely new assumptions that are completely different from lattices, emphasizing that if any direction succeeds, it will largely "solve cryptography", enabling any protocol describable by an ideal trusted third party to be securely implemented.

Vitalik: Ethereum Foundation budget cut by 40%, will shift to a long-term donation fund model

Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, stated that the Ethereum Foundation (EF) has announced a budget cut of approximately 40% this year as part of its financial transformation plan.According to the funding management policy released last year, EF is gradually transitioning from an "expenditure-based organization" to an "endowment-based model," aiming to reduce the annual expenditure ratio from about 15% to approximately 5% after 2030. In this process, the foundation emphasizes that it will accept inevitable personnel and resource adjustments and acknowledges the loss of some capabilities and experience.In this round of restructuring, EF has reduced approximately 54 employees, accounting for about 20% of the overall team. Vitalik stated that many of these departing members may continue to participate in the Ethereum ecosystem in external forms in the future. Meanwhile, the foundation will shift its strategic focus to a more "lightweight" protocol governance and development path, including advancing the "Strawmap" long-term roadmap, covering core protocol upgrades such as consensus mechanisms, privacy technologies, account models, and state structures, and promoting Ethereum's evolution into its third phase.In terms of specific structural adjustments, EF will weaken the "multi-client redundancy priority" model and shift towards a development approach based more on specialized division of labor and AI-assisted formal verification; the privacy and scalability research team PSE will be restructured, transitioning from exploratory R&D to more focused engineering implementation; the scale of ecosystem activities such as Devcon will also gradually be reduced.In addition, EF will reduce investments in large cross-domain projects in the future, placing greater emphasis on protocol security and high-value improvements, while encouraging more innovative work to be completed externally. Although the path is more streamlined, Ethereum will continue to strengthen its core positioning as a highly censorship-resistant and long-term stable protocol.
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