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first_img Celestia launched the payment architecture Voyager, with benchmark tests reaching 21 million TPS

The modular blockchain network Celestia announced the launch of the application-specific blockchain architecture Voyager, aimed at large-scale payment scenarios in agent commerce. The official statement claims that Voyager processed approximately 21 million transactions per second continuously between 100 million accounts during its first complete benchmark test, which lasted for 5 hours.Celestia stated that Voyager splits payment processing into independently scalable threads, avoiding blocking the execution thread responsible for updating balances. Transactions are first verified for signatures and packaged at the entry layer, then enter a circular buffer inspired by the exchange system Disruptor; execution logic is built-in, and state is stored in a flat table rather than a Merkle tree. Each transaction is published to Celestia's data availability protocol Fibre, for external replay and verification of whether payments were executed correctly.The benchmark test covered approximately 40 billion random transfers, with an average throughput of 21.2 million TPS and a peak of 21.6 million TPS. Execution ran on a single CPU core, with node memory around 48 GB. This test was conducted on a single node and did not include state root computation, cross-machine replication, or real-time state queries at the same scale. Celestia claims it is advancing Voyager into production and will release more in-depth technical documentation in the coming weeks. Fibre was launched on the mainnet last week, and Voyager is the first execution layer product launched after its acquisition of Sovereign Labs.

Polymarket launched Protocol V2, reconstructing the underlying architecture of the existing protocol

Polymarket has launched the next-generation prediction market smart contract system, Polymarket Protocol V2, which reconstructs the underlying architecture of the existing protocol. The current protocol is based on the Gnosis Conditional Tokens Framework from 2019, requiring additional adapters, trading contracts, and authorization processes for each new market type; V2 unifies this by using a single ERC1155 position token contract, pUSD collateral assets, trading platform contracts, and routers.V2 adopts a modular architecture, initially supporting binary, atomic negative risk, incremental negative risk, and composite markets, and connects to UMA, Chainlink, and other future oracles through a new OracleAggregator. The protocol natively supports cross-chain positions, collateral assets, and settlement results, reserving a foundation for future multi-chain deployments; all contracts can be upgraded under a secure governance process.V2 has been audited by Cantina, Certora, Quantstamp, SigmaPrime, Zellic, and Pashov, with formal verification completed by Certora, offering a maximum bounty of $5 million for critical vulnerabilities. Polymarket will operate a limited number of grayscale markets in the production environment from October 5 to 30, with plans to switch new markets to V2 starting November 2, along with the launch of Data API V2 built on Rust and an internal on-chain indexer.

hot_img SK Hynix: The competition in AI data centers is shifting from single chips to overall infrastructure architecture

SK Hynix stated in a recent article that the competition in AI is shifting from the performance of individual chips to the design and operation of the entire infrastructure architecture. The competitiveness of AI data centers no longer depends on individual components, but on whether the five key elements of computing, memory, storage, networking, and power cooling can be seamlessly integrated.The article points out that the continuous expansion of AI model scales has led to a surge in demand for computing power and data movement. Training requires repeatedly reading massive datasets, while inference relies on quickly retrieving user request information, both of which place higher demands on the system architecture of data centers. At the memory level, HBM, server DRAM, and others have formed a hierarchical system, each undertaking different bandwidth and capacity tasks. At the networking level, as large-scale training and inference rely on multi-server parallel processing, networking has become a key factor determining the scalability of data centers. System design is shifting from single-server to whole rack and cluster-level expansion.According to Omdia's forecast, the AI data center chip market will grow from $123 billion in 2024 to $207 billion in 2025, reaching $286 billion by 2030. SK Hynix also mentioned that Microsoft's Fairwater data center in Wisconsin is about the length of five football fields, indicating that infrastructure is being deployed on a larger scale. SK Hynix emphasizes that memory is becoming a key layer connecting computing and data.
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